IDIOM AND PROVERB ( SEMANTIC)

IDIOM
 

Actually, what the idiom? Idiom is a form of phrases spoken by a particular meaning by a native speaker or a native speaker. That is, the English idiom is a phrase that is generated directly from the British and Americans

.An idiom is very important to learn because learning a language, you also need to touch the culture of that language. In the idiom also there are exactly the same meaning literally because his life is an expression that symbolizes a particular

Idiom is a speech whose meaning can not predictable from the meaning of the elements elements, both in lexical and grammatical.

Idiom usually divided into two kinds, that is full idiom, and idioms in part

            Full idiom is an idiom which elements have merged into a single unit, thus meaning that it owned into a single unit.

Example in Bahasa Indonesia :

• Membanting tulang   the meaning is bekerja keras/hard worker.
• Menjual gigi the meaning is tertawa keras/laugh out loud
• Meja hijau the meaning is pengadilan/justice

Example in english :

•  A Piece of Cake:                                                              
• Sebuah tugas yang dapat diselesaikan dengan mudah.
• A Slap on the Wrist:                                                       
• Sebuah hukuman yang sangat ringan
• An Arm And A Leg:                                                         
• Sangat mahal. 
• An Axe To Grind:                                                             
• Memiliki perselisihan dengan seseorang. 
• Apple of My Eye:                                                            
• Seseorang yang sangat dihargai                                                        
• As High As A Kite:                                                            
• Setinggi langit.                                                  
• At The Drop Of A Hat:   
• Bersedia untuk segera melakukan sesuatu   

 Idiom majority is one of the elements has its own classical  

Example in Bahasa:

Buku putih the meanings is book that contains official information about the case

Koran kuning meaning is newspaper that carries news sensation

Example in engkish

To go of strool : berjalan-jalan

To my mind: menurut pendapat saya.

Pay visit           : berkunjung

Keep one’s of temper:menahan emosi

PROVERB

Proverb is a simple and concrete saying that expresses a truth based on common sense or the partical experience humanity.

A proverb is a short popular saying that gives advice about how people should behave or that expresses a belief that is generally thought to be true. Here are some examples:

            “Art is long, life is short.”

Life is too short to learn all the art in this world. 

 “Love me, love my dog”

 If you love me, you must accept me as I am.

 “Blood is thicker than water”

 Family relationship is stronger than others.

            “Speak the truth and shame the devil” –

Avoid speaking lies to save any future problems.

            “A new broom sweeps clean”

A new person at a new position implements an aggressive and enthusiastic reform.

            “If it isn’t broken, don’t fix it” –

If something is working well, don’t try to improve upon it.

·         “Big is beautiful”

 Large size is advantageous.

·         “All that glitters is not gold” –

Everything that looks good is not necessarily good. Don’t judge things by looks

·         . “Desperate diseases demand desperate remedies”

Big problems need bold and extremes steps to solve them.

  “Every cloud has a silver lining”

            Look for positivity in every tough situation. 

• Don’t cry over spilled milk. 
• Those who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. 
• A stitch in time saves nine. 

Like idioms, proverbs often have a meaning that is greater than the meaning of the individual words put together, but in a different way than idioms. The literal meaning of an idiom usually doesn’t make sense, and idioms can be almost impossible to understand unless you have learned or heard them before. 

The literal meaning of a proverb such as “Don’t cry over spilled milk” does makes sense on its own, but it’s not until you apply this meaning to a broader set of situations that you understand the real point of the proverb. For example, “Don’t cry over spilled milk” means “Don’t get upset over something that has already been done. It’s too late to worry about it now, just get on with your life.”

So the dan proverb is speech that has meaning can still be traced or tracked the meaning of the element.

Example in Bahasa Indonesia:

  Seperti anjing dan kucing,

The meaning are dogs and cats when meet always fighting, never peaceful

Tong kosong nyaring bunyinya

maknanya adalah orang yang banyak omong, kalau kita lacak maknanya bahwa tong kosong kalau kita pukul mengeluarkan bunyi yang nyaring.( the meaning is a person who a lot of talking, if we track it means that the barrel is empty if we at loud noises.)

REFFERENCE:

Drs. Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum, Rineka Cipta

Thomas Carlyle, Semantic The Analaysis of Meaning.

www.slideshare/jesler/english-idiom-and-proverb-jesler

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TENTANG RASA BERSYUKUR "FIT AND PROPER TEST DARI ALLAH"

TENTANG RASA BERSYUKUR

"FIT AND PROPER TEST DARI ALLAH"

Kita sering mengeluh, bertanya pada Allah apa kesalahan kita sehingga kita mendapat cobaan, kita juga sering menyalahkan Allah atas semua kejadian tidak mengenakkan, menyakitkan dan segala hal yang jelek yang kita alami. Kenapa kita tidak mengucap Alhamdulilah saat kita mengalami segala hal yang menyusahkan, yang tidak mengenakkan hati, karena sebenarnya Allah sbenarnya telah mempunyai rencana yang lebih baik dari segala cobaan, maka itu sebaiknya kita selalu berprasangka baik pada Allah.

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AMBIGUITY

AMBIGUITY

 AMBIGUITY is  ambiguity is symptoms occur  of doublets as a result of interpretation of differences grammatical meaning.

EX:

- the chicken is ready 

 the sentence has a meaning:

1. the chiken ready to eat

2.  the chiken ready to be eaten

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Compounding

The combination of lexical categories called compounding. It consists of nouns, adjectives, verbs, or prepositions. The morpheme which determines the category of the entire word is called the head.

Examples:

a)      Noun compounds

• greenhouse
• bluebird
• fire engine
• oil well

b)      Verb compounds

• overlook
• underestimate
• dropkick
• breakdance 
•  

c)      Adjective compounds

• red hot
• deep blue
• sky blue
• nation wide

Compound can be combined with other lexical categories to create larger compounds. The word formation processes responsible for derivation and compounding can interact with each other.

• dog food box
• baseball bat rack

Structure above is compounds formed from smaller compounds.

Structure below is the combining of a simple word (debate) with the derived word abortion.

• abortion debate

Properties of Compound

Compounds are not consistent since they are written as single words, or with an intervening hyphen, or as separate word sometimes. There is an important generalization to be made in terms of pronunciation.

Compounds (1^st element generally stressed) versus non-compounds (2^nd element generally stressed):

COMPOUND	WORD	NON-COMPOUND	EXPRESSION
Greénhoùse	‘an indoor garden’	Greèn hoúse	‘a house painted green
Bláckboàrd	‘a chalkboard	Blàck boárd	‘a board which is black’
Wét suìt	‘a diver’s costume’	Wèt suít	‘a suit that is wet’

Tense and plural markers can typically not be attached to the first element though they can be added to the compound as a whole.

• Tense on the 1^st element in a compound         à [dropped kick]

Tense on the entire compound                        à [drop kick]ed

• Plural marking on the 1^st element in a compound is usually disallowed

à [foxes hunter] ; [roads map]

(there a few exceptions such as passers-by, parks supervisor and mothers-in-law)

Plural on the entire compound is the norm à [fox hunter]s ; [road map]s

An A-N compound can be identified with the help of a different test. As illustrated below, the A in a compound cannot be preceded by a word such as very.

• Compound with very à We live to a very [greenhouse].
• Very with adjective that isn’t part of compound à We live next to a very green fence.

Types of compounds

Compounds are used to express a wide range of semantic relationships in English.

1.      Endocentric compounds :

 An endocentric compound consists of: – a head. – the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound. – modifiers which restrict it‘s meaning. • For example: Doghouse – where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog.• Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse.

Some N-N compounds called endocentric:

EXAMPLE	MEANING
Steamboat	‘a boat powered by steam’
Air hose	‘a hose that carries air’
Fire truck	‘a vehicle used to put out fires’
Fire drill	‘a practice in the event of a fire’
Bath towel	‘a towel used after bathing’

In most cases, component of compound identifies the general class to which the meaning of the entire word belongs. In a smaller number of cases, the meaning of the compound does not follow from the meanings of its parts in this way. Thus, examples below called exocentric,

• Greenbottle = a fly of the genus lucilia (not a type of bottle)
• Redneck = an ultra-conservative; white working-class person (not a type of neck)
• Sugar-daddy = a woman’s lover who is deemed to be both overgenerous and much too old for her (not a type of sugar-coated father)

Examples below are very striking differences between endocentric and exocentric compounds where the head of the compound has an irregular plural.

IN ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS	IN EXOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS
Oak leaves	Maple leafs (Toronto’s NHL hockey team)
Wisdom teeth	Sabre tooths (extinct species of tiger)
Club feet	Bigfoots (members of an extinct tiger species)
policemen	Walkmans (a type of portable audio cassette player)

2.      The exocentric compounds permit the plural suffix –s for words such as leaf, tooth, foot, and Exocentric compound

Exocentric compounds are hyponyms of some unexpressed semantic head (e.g. a person, a plant, an animal...), and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. – For example, the English compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing.• In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents. – For example, a must-have is not a verb but a noun. The meaning of this type of compound can be glossed as "(one) whose B is A", where B is the second element of the compound and A the first.• A bahuvrihi compound is one whose nature is expressed by neither of the words: thus a white-collar person is neither white nor a collar (the collars colour is a metaphor for socioeconomic status). – Other examples include firefly and openminded.

3.      Copulative Compounds

Copulative compounds are compounds which have two semantic heads. Can be recognize by possibility of adding "and" between the two heads. – Examples: bittersweet, sleepwalk.• Appositional compounds refer to lexemes that have two (contrary) attributes which classify the compound. – Example: Player-coach (someone who is a player as well as a coach)

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