Polysemy, Homonym, Homophone, Homograph

Polysemy, Homonym, Homophone, Homograph

1.      Polysemy

 

Polysemy is the existence of several meanings for a single word or phrase. The word polysemy comes from the Greek words πολυ-, poly-, “many” and σήμα, sêma, “sign”. In other words it is the capacity for a word, phrase, or sign to have multiple meanings i.e., a large semantic field. Polysemy is a pivotal concept within the humanities, such as media studies and linguistics.

In the case of this polysemy. usually the first meaning (which is registered in the dictionary) dalah true meaning, lexical meaning, denotatifnya meaning, or conceptual meaning. the other is the meaning that was developed by one of the components of meaning. Then the meaning of a word in the polysemy they relate to one another.

Example in Bahasa:

KEPALA....... he meaning of the word "chief: lexical meaning and denotatifnya head in humans is very important, because man can not live without a head.

Kepalanya luka kena pecahan kaca.

Kepala sekolah itu sangat berwibawa.

Kepala surat biasanya berisi nama dan alamt kantor

More Examplesin English

Bank

• A financial institution
•  The building where a financial institution offers services
•  A synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1

However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.

Book

• A bound collection of pages
•  A text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume)
•  To make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.")

Present

• right now, the current moment
• a gift
•  to show or display (e.g. "Michael was next to present")
• to be physically somewhere (e.g. "Stephen was present at the meeting")

Crane

• a bird
• a type of construction equipment 

2.      Homonym

Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning. Generally, the term homonym refers both to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as pair and pear) and to homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as "bow your head" and "tied in a bow").
Accordingly homonym divided into two :

A.    Homophone

Homophone is a words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings.

Example:

patience/patients

some/sum

knap/nap

knead/kneed/need

knead/kneed/need

desert /dessert

B.      Homograph

Homographs are words with different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling. 

Example :

wave – move the hand in greeting OR sea water coming into shore

wound – past tense of wind OR to injure

fine - very good/sharp or keen/delicate or subtle/a sum of money paid to settle a matter

refuse - waste or garbage/to reject or decline to accept

contract - an agreement/to get, acquire or incur

earned – past tense of learn OR knowledgeable

Reference:

Abdul Chaer Chaer, Pengntar Semantic Bahasa Indonesia, Rineka. Ciptahttp://www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts/synonyms/page.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy